Tilda Publishing

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Tilda Publishing

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

2026, No. 2, CONTENTS

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Tilda Publishing

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

2026, No. 2, ABSTRACTS

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Structural and phase states of high-silicon steels exposed to compression plasma flows

N. G. Valko¹, S. V. Zlotski², V. V. Uglov², V. M. Anishchik²,
A. M. Kuzmitskiy³, V. M. Astashinsky³, N. I. Moroz<sup>1

1</sup> Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno,
22 Ozheshko str., 230023 Grodno, Republic of Belarus
E-mail: N.Valko@grsu.by; natali84@tut.by
² Belarusian State University,
4 Nezavisimosti Ave., 220030 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
E-mail: Zlotski@bsu.by; Uglov@bsu.by; Anishchik@bsu.by
³ Lykov Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus,
15 P. Brovki str., 220072 Minsk, Republic of Belarus

The effect of compression plasma flows (CPF) at a pressure of 400 Pa in a nitrogen atmosphere on the structure of silicon steel (Si content of 6.67 at. %) has been studied. It has been found that processing the gearbox with three consecutive pulses providing an absorbed energy density of 6 to 14 J/cm2 leads to the formation of a near-surface layer in steel based on the phases α-Fe(Si), γ-Fe(Si) and Fe3N. It is shown that as a result of the action of the gearbox, the relief of the steel surface is smoothed out, its modified layer has increased corrosion resistance (increases up to 2.5 times) due to the formation of nitride phases, which ensure the formation of a passivating film and improve protective properties, positively affecting the durability and reliability of electrical equipment.

Keywords: silicon steel, compression plasma flows, structure, microhardness, coefficient of friction, corrosion resistance.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-5-13

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Porous oxide layers of thermal barrier coatings. Review and analysis

V. I. Kalita, D. I. Komlev, A. A. Radyuk

Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
49 Leninskiy prospect, 119334 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: vkalita@imet.ac.ru

The published data on formation of the porous structure of the ZrO2 – Y2O3 (YSZ) layers included in the thermal barrier coatings (TBC) were reviewed and analyzed. The porous structure YSZ has a lower thermal conductivity coefficient and Young’s modulus, which reduces the residual stresses generated by the difference in thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) of the oxide layer YSZ and the bonding heat-resistant layer (BC) and the article. YSZ layers in most cases are sprayed by plasma spraying in an air atmosphere with arc plasmatrons with a porosity of 10 – 50 %. When analyzing and systematizing published works, three criteria are proposed, the ratio of the effective power of the plasmatron, Neff, to the flow rate of plasma-forming gases, Q: Neff/Q specific enthalpy of plasma jet, specific enthalpy of plasma jet to average size of powder to be sprayed, d: Neff/(Q·d), and the ratio of the effective power of the plasmatron, taking into account the spraying distance (K — coefficient of residual effective power) to the speed of movement of the plasmatron relative to the substrate, V, and the width of the coating at one pass, B: (Neff·K)/(V·B), linear energy. An analysis of the published results found that an average porosity of 21 % with an average deposition efficiency (DE) of 32 % is achieved with average values of Neff/(Q·d) = 335.5 GJ/(kg·m) and (Neff·K)/(V·B) = 85.6 kJ/m2.

Keywords: thermal barrier coatings, porous oxide plasma layers, overview.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-14-28

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Uniform nanocrystalline diamond coating deposition to a high aspect ratio tungsten carbide substrate in the microwave plasma reactor

E. E. Ashkinazi¹, S. V. Fedorov², A. K. Martyanov¹, A. P. Litvinov², K. F. Sergejchev¹, M. Yu. Shevchenko³, S. N. Grigoriev², V. I. Konov<sup>1

1</sup> A.M. Prokhorov Institute of General Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences,
38 Vavilova str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
² Moscow State Technological University “STANKIN”,
3A Vadkovsky Lane, 127055 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: sv.fedorov@icloud.com
³ 2dot4 Diamonds, LLC, Plot Number TPO 10219, National Industries Park, Dubai
E-mail: xpohoc@gmail.com

A tool made of a tungsten carbide with a diamond coating deposited to its working surfaces is promising for cutting composite materials containing components with high hardness. One of the promising ways to obtain such a coating is the method of growing a diamond film in a microwave plasma. However, the qualitative growth of the film is hindered by the uneven temperature distribution caused by inhomogeneities of the electromagnetic field in the microwave plasma, in particular, along the surface of the axial tool, which is an object with a high aspect ratio. To ensure uniform heating of the sample surface, a three-dimensional model of the electromagnetic field distribution in a reactor layout of a plasma chemical installation, in a simplified geometry corresponding to the ARDIS 100 microwave reactor, was studied using the finite element method in a COMSOL Multiphysics. It is shown that the uniformity of heating of both the cylindrical perimeter and the end part of the substrate can be achieved using a microwave plasma discharge initiated by a field concentrator and a spherical plasma circuit formed by a microwave field flowing around a transverse waveguide, which was implemented on experimental industrial equipment. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and Raman spectroscopy have confirmed the result of applying a uniform nanocrystalline diamond coating on tungsten carbide substrates with 6 % Co from mixtures of gases CH4/H2 and CH4/H2/N2 to carbide substrates with an aspect ratio of L/d = 75 mm/12 mm. Data on grain sizes, as well as reflection intensities corresponding to the phases of diamond and ordered graphite, demonstrate the uniformity of the coating in its thickness, controlled by two measurements of the cylindrical body of the substrate. At the same time, diamond globules ranging in size from 320 to 690 nm were present in the structure of the coating under study.

Keywords: diamond coating, microwave plasma, MPCVD, edge effect, micro-nanocrystalline film, initiated discharge.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-29-40

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Structure and properties of films of multicomponent alloys of the composition TINB AND TiNbZrTa formed on solid substrates by the vacuum-arc plasma-assisted method

Yu. F. Ivanov, N. A. Prokopenko, E. A. Petrikova, O. S. Tolkachev, O. V. Krysina,
Yu. H. Akhmadeev, N. N. Koval

Institute of High-Current Electronics SB RAS,
2/3 Akademicheskiy Ave., 634055 Tomsk, Russia
E-mail: yufi55@mail.ru; nick08_phantom@mail.ru; elizmarkova@yahoo.com; ole.ts@mail.ru;
krysina@opee.hcei.tsc.ru; ahmadeev@opee.hcei.tsc.ru; koval@opee.hcei.tsc.ru

The use of titanium and its alloys faces limitations due to concerns about cytotoxicity and a high modulus of elasticity (∼ 110 GPa) compared to human cortical bone (10 – 40 GPa). A solution to these problems was the development of β-type titanium alloys with a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystalline structure (by adding β-stabilizers to the alloy: Nb, Zr, Ta, Mo, Sn, etc.). The aim of this work was to comparatively analyze the structure and properties of TiNb and TiNbZrTa β-alloy films formed on solid substrates using the vacuum-arc plasma-assisted method. The studies showed that the synthesized films have a nanocrystalline multilayer structure, which is due to the specific features of the experimental design (simultaneous sputtering of several cathodes, substrate rotation around the chamber axis). Correlations were identified between the mechanical, tribological, and adhesive properties of the film, its elemental composition (the amount of chemical elements in the film), its crystal lattice parameters, and the microdistortions of the film crystal lattice and the transition sublayer. It was shown that the transition from the TiNb to the TiNbZrTa system is accompanied by an increase in film microhardness by approximately 4 times, a decrease in the wear parameter by approximately 1.2 times, and a decrease in the critical load by approximately 4 times.

Keywords: multi-element films, vacuum-arc plasma-assisted method, elemental composition, defective substructure, microhardness, wear parameter, adhesion testing.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-41-49

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Development of a hybrid composite filler material based on an Al — Sn — Cu alloy

R. S. Mikheev¹, I. E. Kalashnikov², P. A. Bykov², I. V. Katin², L. I. Kobeleva<sup>2

1</sup> Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5-1 2nd Baumanskaya str., 105005 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: mikheev.roman@mail.ru
² Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
49 Leninsky prospect, 119334 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: kalash2605@mail.ru; pavel_imet@mail.ru; likob@mail.ru

A composite material based on aluminum alloy Al – 6Sn – Cu (GOST 14113), containing 10 wt. % reinforcing particles of silicon carbide (SiC) with an average size of 40 μm and 1 wt. % modifying additives of titanium carbide (TiC) with an average size of 0,7 μm, has been manufactured by extrusion of a compacted workpiece. The workpiece consisted of a homogeneous composite powder mixture obtained by jointly processing chips of matrix alloy and ceramic particles in a planetary mill. It was found that the selected technological parameters of the extrusion process (drawing ratio 100, pressing force 115 – 120 kN and heating temperature 600 ± 50 °C), made it possible to obtain filler material necessary for the arc surfacing process in the form of standard-sized rods with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 350 mm, characterized by a smooth and defect-free surface. It is shown that the manufactured hybrid composite filler material has a uniform composition and is characterized by a satisfactory distribution of reinforcing particles and modifying additives. The results of determining the fluidity of the composite welding pool indicate the possibility of practical implementation of the arc surfacing process. In addition, the fluidity characteristics of the weld composite pool (asymmetry of the cross-section and the equilibrium contact angle of the beads compared to those of the matrix alloy: 2,23 versus 1,07 and 92,95° versus 77,89°, respectively) ensure a satisfactory geometric shape of the deposited beads. The developed hybrid composite filler materials based on the Al – 6Sn – Cu alloy can be used in cost-effective and highly productive arc surfacing processes for the formation of an antifriction layer during the manufacturing and scheduled repair stages of a wide range of plain bearings.

Кeywords: composite materials, Al – 6Sn – Cu alloy, arc surfacing, weld composite pool fluidity, filler materials.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-50-61

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Analysis of the uniformity of mixing powders of different dispersity using SEM-EDX images

R. A. Vakhrushev^1, 2, A. A. Vasilyev¹, E. L. Dzidziguri¹, N. A. Dormidontov<sup>2

1</sup> National University of Science and Technology MISiS,
4 Leninskiy prospect, 119049 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: vakhrushev.r.a@yandex.ru; raver.vasiljev@mail.ru; avrore@gmail.com
² Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
49 Leninskiy prospect, 119334 Moscow, Russia

This paper examines the problem of assessing the uniformity of mixing micro- and nanoscale powders, which remains a critical challenge in powder metallurgy and surface modification technologies. In systems consisting of components with strongly differing particle sizes, conventional qualitative and statistical approaches often fail to provide an objective quantitative description of the spatial distribution of the nanoscale phase. In the present study, a combined modeling-experimental approach is proposed for evaluating the distribution of nanoparticles on the surface of micron-sized particles. Micron-sized titanium and nickel powders with average particle diameters of approximately 100 μm, as well as cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanopowder with an average particle size of 58 nm, were used as model materials. Mechanical mixing was employed to produce composite powder mixtures with different nanoparticle contents. To theoretically estimate the effective thickness of the nanoparticle layer formed on the surface of micron-sized particles, a Monte Carlo computer simulation of the random deposition of spherical nanoparticles was performed. The model accounts for the stochastic nature of nanoparticle placement and allows evaluation of surface coverage and layer thickness under non-ideal packing conditions. Based on the simulation results, quantitative relationships between the nanoparticle layer thickness, the size of the micron-sized particles, and the content of the nanoscale additive were obtained. The model predicts a linear increase in the average layer thickness with increasing nanoparticle content within the investigated range and demonstrates the strong influence of the size ratio between micro- and nanoparticles on coating uniformity. Experimental verification was carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The measured layer thickness values show good agreement with the calculated results. The proposed approach provides a practical tool for quantitative assessment of mixing uniformity and for predicting conditions required to achieve effective nanoparticle coating of micron-sized powders.

Keywords: mixing, nanomaterials, modeling, powder metallurgy.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-62-72

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Optimization of heat treatment process for vanadium microalloyed medium carbon cast steel (0.08 % V)

Zhang Yong-Jun, Yu Wen-Jie

School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
E-mail: zhangyj@mater.ustb.edu.cn

In this work, vanadium microalloyed medium carbon cast steel with a vanadium content of 0.08 % was used as the material for the study. In order to make cast steel have high strength and toughness at the same time, this study adopts a four-factor three-stage orthogonal experimental design combining range analysis and gray correlation analysis, and systematically studies the optimization scheme of normalizing and quenching process parameter. The range analysis results indicate that quenching temperature is the most significant factor in controlling tensile strength, a the normalizing temperature is the most significant factor in controlling the impact toughness. The results of grey correlation analysis indicate that the optimal normalizing parameters for the tested cast steel are 1020 °С × 120 min, and the optimal quenching temperature is 860 °С × 40 min. After the tested cast steel is subjected to optimized heat treatment — normalization and quenching, when tempered at a temperature of 510 – 610 °С, it demonstrates the law of reverse change of strength- toughness: the tensile strength decreases from 1220.22 MPa to 1143.18 MPa, and the impact toughness increases from 42.6 J/cm2 to 53.36 J/cm2. Microstructure analysis shows that this change in properties is closely related to recrystallization growth of ferrite grains and the spheroidization of cementite during high-temperature tempering. This study provides important experimental evidence for optimizing the heat treatment process of vanadium microalloyed medium carbon cast steel, and indicates that the matching relationship between strength and toughness can be controlled within a certain range by precisely controlling the tempering temperature.

Keywords: vanadium microalloyed medium carbon cast steel, optimization of heat treatment process, orthogonal experimental project, range analysis, gray correlation analysis, the matching relationship between strength and toughness, microstructure analysis.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2026-2-73-81