Tilda Publishing

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Tilda Publishing

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

2025, No. 6, ABSTRACTS

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Structure and properties of the transition layer of the “plasma coating of molybdenum high-speed steel – steel substrate” system irradiated with a pulsed electron beam

V. E. Gromov¹, I. V. Baklushina¹, Yu. F. Ivanov², R. E. Kryukov¹,
I. Yu. Litovchenko³, A. S. Chapaikin<sup>1

1</sup> Siberian State Industrial University, 42 Kirova str., 654007 Novokuznetsk, Russia
E-mail: gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru; baklushina_iv@sibsiu.ru; rek_nzrmk@mail.ru; thapajkin.s@yandex.ru
² Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
2/3 prospect Akademicheskii, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
E-mail: yufi55@mail.ru
³ Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
2/4 prospect Akademicheskii, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
E-mail: litovchenko@spti.tsu.ru

Using the technology of plasma surfacing in a protective and alloying nitrogen environment, a coating of high-speed molybdenum steel with a thickness of 9 – 10 mm was formed on medium-carbon steel 30KhGSA (Fe; C — 0.28 – 0.34 %; Si — 0.90 – 1.20 %; Mn — 0.80 – 1.10 %; Cr — 0.80 – 1.10 %). Subsequent heat treatment consisted of two-fold hightemperature tempering at 560 – 580 °C for 1 hour. The structural-phase state, elemental composition and mechanical properties of the transition zone of the contact of the “plasma coating (high-speed molybdenum steel) – substrate (medium-carbon steel)” system subjected to electron-beam processing (EBP) were studied. It was found that the formation of the coating in the initial state is accompanied by the creation of an extended transition layer of ~ 100 μm, which contains the α-phase, γ-phase, complex carbides Me23C6, Me6C, as well as MoC and cementite. The structure of the transition layer is represented by packet and lamellar martensite, austenite nterlayers and nanosized cementite particles. After irradiation, a lamellar structure containing cementite particles of the Me6C type carbide was revealed in the volume of the transition layer. The contact zone immediately adjacent to the coating contains grains of residual austenite strengthened by nanosized carbides of the Me6C type. It was revealed that electron-beam processing of the coating-substrate system leads to a decrease in the hardness and Young’s modulus of the transition layer. These parameters decrease monotonically with distance from the deposited layer, forming a damping layer along the coating-substrate contact surface. Physically substantiated provisions are put forward on the reasons for the decrease in hardness and Young’s modulus of the transition layer. They consist in the possibility of forming a high level of tensile residual stresses, partial relaxation of which is accompanied by cracking of the transition layer metal and a high content of residual austenite. The results of the work indicate a high level of performance of the “coating/substrate” system.

Keywords: high-speed molybdenum steel, plasma method, pulsed electron beam, irradiation, “coating/substrate” system, interface, structure, phase composition, properties.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-5-17

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Effect of a high-power pulsed carbon ion beam on the morphology and elemental composition
of the surface layer of a magnesium alloy

N. G. Valko¹, N. A. Pavlova¹, A. E. Ligachev², B. L. Bobryshev³, D. B. Bobryshev³, D. V. Popkov⁴,
I. A. Korms⁴, O. N. Nikitushkina⁵, G. V. Potemkin⁶, V. A. Tarbokov⁶, G. E. Remnev<sup>6

1</sup> Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, 22, str. Ozheshko, 230023 Grodno, Belarus
E-mail: N.Valko@grsu.by; pavlova_na_19@mail.ru
² Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
38 Vavilova str., GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: carbin@yandex.ru
³ LLC “AVANGARD-LIT”, 33 Klara Zetkin str., 125130 Moscow, Russia
⁴ MMZ “AVANGARD”, 33 Klara Zetkin str., 125130 Moscow, Russia
⁵ Baykov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
49 Leninsky prospect, 119334 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: olik-n@yandex.ru
⁶ Tomsk Polytechnic University, 1a Lenina str., 630050 Tomsk, Russia

The effect of treating the surface of a magnesium ML5 (AZ81A) alloy with a high power ion beam (70 % Cn+ + 30 % H+, ion current ~ 80 A/cm2 at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV and ~ 160 A/cm2 at an accelerating voltage of ~ 200 kV, pulse duration ~ 100 ns) has been studied topography of the surface of the foundry magnesium alloy ML5. After exposure to ion flow (1 pulse), strips of various shapes are formed almost parallel to each other on the surface of the alloy. After exposure to two pulses, the alloy surface becomes smoother, and there are practically no holes. The elemental composition of the subsurface layer did not change significantly after exposure to the ion flux.

Keywords: magnesium, high power ion beam, carbon ions, surface morphology, structure.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-18-22

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Features of electrolytic-plasma nitrocarburizing of steel with a relief surface

D. E. Kaputkin¹, N. E. Kaputkina<sup>2

1</sup> Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, 20 Kronshtadsky bulvar, 125993 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: kaputkin@mail.ru
² National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, bild. 1, 4, Leninsky prospect, 119049 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: kaputkina.ne@misis.ru

Anodic electrolytic-plasma nitrocarburizing of corrosion-resistant steel proceeds many times faster than a similar process without gas discharges. A feature of such processing of samples with a rough surface is a significant dependence of the thickness of the layer saturated with nitrogen and carbon on the relief area. In depressions and on slopes, the layer quickly grows at the initial stage of processing, and then the growth slows down significantly. On protrusions in areas with maximum curvature (8000 m–1) of the surface, at the initial stage of the nitrocarburizing process, cracks may form and both the saturated layer and the main metal may be torn out, and then the thickness of the nitrocarburized layer increases quite quickly (at a rate of about 1.5 μm/min).

Keywords: electrolytic plasma treatment, steel surface saturation, nitrocarburizing, relief surface, layer thickness.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-23-31

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Modern methods for processing ceramic parts

I. Yu. Timokhin^{1, 2}, D. V. Eroshin¹, E. V. Maslova<sup>1

1</sup> JSC “ORPE “Technologiya” named after A.G. Romashin”, 15 Kievskoe shosse, 249031 Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia
E-mail: ilyatim1990@yandex.ru; info@technologiya.ru
² Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, 1 Studgorodok, 249040 Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia

An analytical review of modern methods for mechanical and non-contact processing of ceramic materials is presented, taking into account the physicochemical patterns of interaction between solids and high-energy effects in the processing zone. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the dimensional accuracy, reliability, and thermomechanical stability of products made of oxide, nitride, and carbide ceramics used in critical structural components in aerospace, electronic, energy, and medical applications. Given the high hardness and brittleness of such materials, a key direction remains the search for processing regimes that minimize structural damage, maintain phase stability, and ensure reproducibility of surface layer characteristics. The paper systematizes abrasive processing methods using diamond grinding wheels with modified cutting zone geometries, including fractal, bionic, segmented, and combined types (1A1 + 1V1). It is shown that these tool designs reduce cutting forces, local contact temperatures, and abrasive load, thereby increasing tool life. The specific features of intermittent grinding are described, where material removal occurs via discrete segments of the cutting surface, contributing to greater heat extraction through chips and reduced thermal load on the workpiece due to limited subsurface heating. The characteristics of laser processing of ceramics are considered, including types of laser generators, their parameters (wavelength, power, pulse frequency), and the influence of thermophysical factors on the surface quality. Special attention is given to minimizing thermal
damage by using femtosecond pulses and water-assisted cooling. Laser, ultrasonic, and hybrid laser-mechanical methods are described, including milling with preliminary laser heating of the processing zone, which facilitates local softening and increases productivity. Limitations related to synchronization between the laser beam and the tool path when processing complex surfaces are also discussed. The feasibility of using neural network models for real-time intelligent control of processing parameters
is demonstrated. The presented findings can be used in the development of adaptive technological systems for processing refractory ceramics with specified structure and properties using precision abrasive and energy-based methods.

Keywords: ceramic materials, abrasive machining, laser processing, ultrasonic machining, hybrid technologies.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-32-42

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Changes in the microstructure and element composition of titanium waveguides during ultrasonic welding of plastic products

Yu. R. Kolobov^{1, 2}, S. S. Manokhin^{1, 2}, V. N. Maksimenko¹, I. V. Nelasov^{1, 2},
N. G. Spiridonov², A. S. Selivanov<sup>2

1</sup> Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences,
1 Academician Semenov avenue, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
E-mail: kolobov@icp.ac.ru; manohin@icp.ac.ru; maksimenkovn@icp.ac.ru; nelasov@icp.ac.ru
² Togliatti State University, 14, Belorusskaya str., 445020 Togliatti, Samara Region, Russia
E-mail: spiridonov.nikol@yandex.ru; selivas@inbox.ru

The results of the study of changes in the microstructure and elemental composition of titanium waveguides made of ВТ3-1 alloy (Ti – 6 Al – 2 Sn – 4 Zr – 2 Mo), which are used for ultrasonic welding of plastic products, are presented. Using a combination of methods, including optical, confocal scanning laser microscopy, raster and transmission electron microscopy, as well as energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, the morphology of the surface and the structure of the near-surface layers of the waveguides were studied. The processes of cavitation erosion, which lead to the formation of pores and a regular topography on the contact surface, were identified. In the near-surface layer, the development of the process of grinding the grain structure with the formation of nanosized crystallites (about 50 nm in diameter) with the formation of a surface amorphous layer (about 4 μm thick) enriched with carbon, oxygen, and silicon has been detected. It has been established that these changes are caused by the simultaneous effect of mechanical stress, high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations, local heating, and hemical interaction with the material of the welded parts, including the transfer of plastic components (such as SiO2) into the waveguide material.

Keywords: ultrasonic welding, titanium waveguides, ВТ3-1 alloy, microstructure, elemental composition, degradation, nanostructuring, near-surface layer, chemical composition, phase composition, defects, amorphization, cavitation, erosion, carbon, oxygen, silicon.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-43-53

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Thermodynamic modeling of beryllium radionuclides behavior during high-temperature
combustion of reactor graphite in an air atmosphere

N. M. Barbin, S. A. Titov

Ural Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia, 22 Mira str., 620062 Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: NMBarbin@mail.ru; tsa-nhl@mail.ru

The article presents the results of thermodynamic modeling of the behavior of radioactive beryllium during heating of reactor graphite in an atmospheric atmosphere. The simulation was performed using the TERRA software package. The equilibrium constants and their temperature dependences are determined. The balances of these radionuclides in the system under consideration are presented in the temperature range of 300 – 3600 K.

Keywords: reactor graphite, radionuclides, beryllium, oxygen, thermodynamic modeling, air, reaction, equilibrium constant.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-54-58

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Study of the effect of cold deformation on the structural-phase
state and properties of titanium nickelide in various initial states

V. S. Komarov^{1, 2}, V. V. Cherkasov^{1, 2}, R. D. Karelin^{1, 2}, A. A. Osokin^{1, 2,} V. A. Andreev¹,
I. Yu. Khmelevskaya^{1, 2}, V. S. Yusupov¹, S. D. Prokoshkin<sup>2

1</sup> Baykov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
49 Leninsky prospect, 119334 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: vickomarov@gmail.com
² NUST MISIS, 4 Leninsky prospect, building 1, 119049 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: prokoshkin@tmo.misis.ru

In this study, a comprehensive investigation was carried out to examine the effect of cold deformation by compression of titanium nickelide (TiNi) samples in various initial states on the formation of the structural-phase state and strength characteristics. The possibility of performing cold compression deformation of bulk TiNi samples after reference treatment and different aging regimes, achieving a relative strain degree of ε = 25 %, has been established. It was shown that the initial state has a significant influence on the deformation behavior, the resulting structural-phase state, and the properties of titanium nickelide.
Cold deformation leads to a substantial increase in crystal lattice defect density, with the most defective structures observed in samples aged at 430 °C for 1 and 5 hours, both before and after deformation. Cold compression deformation, regardless of the initial structural state, suppresses both the forward and reverse martensitic transformations. The most hardened structure is formed after aging at 430 °C for 1 and 5 hours, when intensive precipitation of coherent Ti3Ni4 nanoparticles occurs, followed by cold deformation with ε = 25 %. This combination ensures maximum hardness (up to 370 HV) and deformation resistance (σ25 % = 2185 – 2240 MPa). The obtained results can be applied in modeling metal forming processes and in developing technological schemes for cold working of titanium nickelide in various structural-phase states.

Keywords: titanium nickelide, compression deformation, strength characteristics, aging, structure, martensitic transformations.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-59-68

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Formation of gallium nanocrystals on the sapphire substrates

G. N. Kozhemyakin¹, Yu. S. Belov², V. V. Artemov³, I. S. Volchkov³, K. A. Korsunov<sup>1

1</sup> Vladimir Dal Lugansk State University, 20A Bl. Molodezhniy, 291034 Lugansk, LPR
E-mail: kozhemgena@gmail.com; korsunof@mail.ru
² Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University)
5 2-th Baumanskaya str., 105005 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: ysbelov@bmstu.ru
³ Department of the “Shubnikov Institute Crystallography” Kurchatov Complex Crystallography
and Photonics of the NRC “Kurchatov Institute”,
59 Leninskiy prospect, 119333 Moscow, Russia
E-mail: artemov@ns.crys.ras.ru; volch2862@gmail.com

Ga nanocrystals were obtained on the sapphire substrates by thermal evaporation method in Ar atmosphere at deposition time of 10, 15 and 20 seconds. The size, shape and number of Ga nanocrystals were determined by intelligent analysis of SEM images. Ga nanocrystals and microcrystals on the sapphire substrates were condensed in hexagonal and tetragonal forms, close to the crystalline structures of sapphire and Ga. Most Ga nanocrystals at deposition time 10 s were condensed as the plates with hexagonal shape similar to hexagonal shape of R (1 102) structure of sapphire substrates. Ga nanocrystals and microcrystals with tetragonal shape also were observed at deposited time large than 10 s. The increase of deposition time from 10 s to 20 s provided the rise of numbers of Ga nanocrystals with the increase of their density on 58 % on the substrate surface, and icrocrystal sizes from 120 nm to 300 nm. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) detected by X-ray phase analysis was formed due to the interaction of surface atoms of Ga nanocrystals and microcrystals with oxygen atoms on the surface of the sapphire substrate (Al2O3). A two-layer structure was found at deposition times of 15 s and 20 s that the lower layer consisted of Ga microcrystals grown on sapphire substrates. Second layer of Ga nanocrystals was formed on top surface of first layer microcrystals.

Keywords: gallium, sapphire, thermal evaporation, nanocrystals, microcrystals.

DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2025-6-69-76